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APA第七版引用格式詳解之報(bào)告類文獻(xiàn)、灰色文獻(xiàn)與會(huì)議報(bào)告的引用寫法

APA 第七版將這些內(nèi)容分別歸入 Reports and Gray Literature 以及 Conference Sessions and Presentations。它們的共同特點(diǎn)是:來(lái)源真實(shí)、使用頻繁,但出版路徑高度不統(tǒng)一。今天我們就來(lái)詳細(xì)的解讀這一部分的引用規(guī)則。

更新于2026年1月6日

APA第七版引用格式詳解之報(bào)告類文獻(xiàn)、灰色文獻(xiàn)與會(huì)議報(bào)告的引用寫法

我們昨天解讀了編著圖書章節(jié)與參考工具書條目的引用格式寫法,但在論文中,被引用的資料并不總是“正式出版物”。很多研究都會(huì)涉及政策背景、行業(yè)現(xiàn)狀、倫理規(guī)范或?qū)嵺`指南,這些信息往往來(lái)自政府或機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布的報(bào)告、研究組織的技術(shù)文件,甚至是新聞稿或政策簡(jiǎn)報(bào)。與此同時(shí),會(huì)議報(bào)告、論文宣讀和海報(bào)展示,常常是研究成果最早被公開的形式。

APA 第七版將這些內(nèi)容分別歸入 Reports and Gray Literature 以及 Conference Sessions and Presentations。它們的共同特點(diǎn)是:來(lái)源真實(shí)、使用頻繁,但出版路徑高度不統(tǒng)一。

今天我們就來(lái)詳細(xì)的解讀這一部分的引用規(guī)則。

報(bào)告與灰色文獻(xiàn)的引用規(guī)范

在 APA 的定義中,報(bào)告類文獻(xiàn)通常是指系統(tǒng)呈現(xiàn)研究結(jié)果或政策信息的正式文件,而灰色文獻(xiàn)則涵蓋了一切未通過(guò)傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)出版渠道發(fā)行、但可以被公開獲取的資料。這包括研究報(bào)告、倫理守則、基金信息、政策簡(jiǎn)報(bào)、新聞稿等。

一個(gè)非常重要的前提是:只要文獻(xiàn)可以被讀者可靠檢索到,就可以列入?yún)⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)表。

但前提是,引用格式必須準(zhǔn)確反映其發(fā)布方式。

APA引用格式截圖

圖源:APA官網(wǎng)

1. 政府機(jī)構(gòu)或組織發(fā)布的報(bào)告(Report by a government agency or other organization)

這是科研論文中最常見(jiàn)的一類報(bào)告引用,尤其在公共衛(wèi)生、社會(huì)科學(xué)、教育與政策研究中非常普遍。這類報(bào)告通常由機(jī)構(gòu)整體負(fù)責(zé),因此作者位置使用機(jī)構(gòu)名稱。

需要注意的是:如果作者與出版者是同一機(jī)構(gòu),APA 要求省略出版者信息,避免重復(fù)。

示例:

Australian Government Productivity Commission & New Zealand Productivity Commission. (2012). Strengthening trans-Tasman economic relations. https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/australia-new-zealand/report/trans-tasman.pdf

Canada Council for the Arts. (2013). What we heard: Summary of key findings: 2013 Canada Council’s Inter-Arts Office consultation. http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/canadacouncil/K23-65-2013-eng.pdf

National Cancer Institute. (2018). Facing forward: Life after cancer treatment (NIH Publication No. 18-2424). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/life-aftertreatment.pdf

2. 政府或組織中的個(gè)人作者報(bào)告(Report by individual authors at a government agency or other organization)

有些報(bào)告雖然由政府或機(jī)構(gòu)發(fā)布,但明確標(biāo)注了個(gè)人作者。在這種情況下,APA 的處理原則是:
優(yōu)先尊重署名方式,而不是機(jī)構(gòu)背景。

也就是說(shuō),reference 中應(yīng)使用個(gè)人作者,而不是機(jī)構(gòu)作者。

示例:

Fried, D., & Polyakova, A. (2018). Democratic defense against disinformation. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Democratic_Defense_Against_Disinformation_FINAL.pdf

Segaert, A., & Bauer, A. (2015). The extent and nature of veteran homelessness in Canada. Employment and Social Development Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/communities/homelessness/publications-bulletins/veterans-report.html

3. 系列報(bào)告(Report by individual authors at a government agency, published as part of a series)

在統(tǒng)計(jì)、公衛(wèi)和社會(huì)調(diào)查領(lǐng)域,很多報(bào)告會(huì)作為正式系列的一部分發(fā)布。APA 要求在 reference 中明確標(biāo)出系列名稱和編號(hào),以幫助讀者定位該文獻(xiàn)在整個(gè)系列中的位置。

示例:

Blackwell, D. L., Lucas, J. W., & Clarke, T. C. (2014). Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2012 (Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, Issue 260). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_260.pdf

4. 工作組或任務(wù)小組報(bào)告(Report by a task force, working group, or other group)

當(dāng)報(bào)告由工作組或任務(wù)小組完成時(shí),該小組名稱被視為正式作者,應(yīng)完整、大寫呈現(xiàn)。

示例:

British Cardiovascular Society Working Group. (2016). British Cardiovascular Society Working Group report: Out-of-hours cardiovascular care: Management of cardiac emergencies and hospital in-patients. British Cardiovascular Society. http://www.bcs.com/documents/BCSOOHWP_Final_Report_05092016.pdf

5. 年度報(bào)告(Annual report)

年度報(bào)告在機(jī)構(gòu)研究、經(jīng)濟(jì)分析和組織治理研究中非常常見(jiàn),其引用邏輯與一般機(jī)構(gòu)報(bào)告完全一致。

示例:

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. (2017). Agency financial report: Fiscal year 2017. https://www.sec.gov/files/sec-2017-agency-financial-report.pdf

6. 倫理守則(Code of ethics)

倫理守則屬于典型的灰色文獻(xiàn),但在心理學(xué)、醫(yī)學(xué)、護(hù)理學(xué)等領(lǐng)域,引用頻率非常高。APA 明確將其視為可引用文獻(xiàn)。

示例:

American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 ACA code of ethics. https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center

American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (2002, amended effective June 1, 2010, and January 1, 2017). https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx

7. 基金項(xiàng)目(Grant)

APA 特別強(qiáng)調(diào):基金申請(qǐng)書本身不可引用,但已經(jīng)獲批、并且有公開記錄的項(xiàng)目可以列入?yún)⒖嘉墨I(xiàn)。

示例:

Blair, C. B. (Principal Investigator). (2015–2020). Stress, self-regulation and psychopathology in middle childhood (Project No. 5R01HD081252-04) [Grant]. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development. https://projectreporter.nih.gov/project_info_details.cfm?aid=9473071&icde=40092311

8. Issue brief 與 Policy brief

這類簡(jiǎn)報(bào)通常用于快速傳達(dá)研究或政策結(jié)論。如果文獻(xiàn)本身沒(méi)有編號(hào),應(yīng)在標(biāo)題后用方括號(hào)注明類型。

示例:

Lichtenstein, J. (2013). Profile of veteran business owners: More young veterans appear to be starting businesses (Issue Brief No. 1). U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy. https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/Issue%20Brief%201,%20Veteran%20Business%20Owners.pdf

Harwell, M. (2018). Don’t expect too much: The limited usefulness of common SES measures and a prescription for change [Policy brief]. National Education Policy Center. https://nepc.colorado.edu/publication/SES

9. 新聞稿(Press release)

新聞稿在 APA 中是明確區(qū)分的一類文獻(xiàn),必須在標(biāo)題后用方括號(hào)標(biāo)注為 [Press release]。

示例:

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2019, February 14). FDA authorizes first interoperable insulin pump intended to allow patients to customize treatment through their individual diabetes management devices [Press release]. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm631412.htm

會(huì)議報(bào)告與展示的引用規(guī)范

很多研究成果最初并不是以論文形式發(fā)表,而是通過(guò)會(huì)議報(bào)告、論文宣讀或海報(bào)展示公開。APA 第七版將這些內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一納入 Conference Sessions and Presentations。

一個(gè)關(guān)鍵原則是:會(huì)議報(bào)告屬于“可公開檢索的學(xué)術(shù)交流記錄”,而不是未發(fā)表文獻(xiàn)。

APA引用格式截圖APA引用格式截圖

圖源:APA官網(wǎng)

10. 會(huì)議場(chǎng)次(Conference session)

當(dāng)你引用的是某一完整會(huì)議場(chǎng)次時(shí),應(yīng)標(biāo)注 [Conference session],并寫明會(huì)議名稱和地點(diǎn)。

示例:

Fistek, A., Jester, E., & Sonnenberg, K. (2017, July 12–15). Everybody’s got a little music in them: Using music therapy to connect, engage, and motivate [Conference session]. Autism Society National Conference, Milwaukee, WI, United States. https://asa.confex.com/asa/2017/webprogramarchives/Session9517.html

11. 論文宣讀(Paper presentation)

論文宣讀是最常見(jiàn)的會(huì)議形式之一,標(biāo)注為 [Paper presentation]

示例:

Maddox, S., Hurling, J., Stewart, E., & Edwards, A. (2016, March 30–April 2). If mama ain’t happy, nobody’s happy: The effect of parental depression on mood dysregulation in children [Paper presentation]. Southeastern Psychological Association 62nd Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, United States.

12. 海報(bào)展示(Poster presentation)

海報(bào)展示需明確標(biāo)注為 [Poster presentation]。

示例:

Pearson, J. (2018, September 27–30). Fat talk and its effects on state-based body image in women [Poster presentation]. Australian Psychological Society Congress, Sydney, NSW, Australia. http://bit.ly/2XGSThP

13. 專題研討中的報(bào)告(Symposium contribution)

專題研討中的單個(gè)報(bào)告,需要在 source 中標(biāo)明主持人及 [Symposium]。

示例:

De Boer, D., & LaFavor, T. (2018, April 26–29). The art and significance of successfully identifying resilient individuals: A person-focused approach. In A. M. Schmidt & A. Kryvanos (Chairs), Perspectives on resilience: Conceptualization, measurement, and enhancement [Symposium]. Western Psychological Association 98th Annual Convention, Portland, OR, United States.

最后

無(wú)論是報(bào)告、灰色文獻(xiàn),還是會(huì)議報(bào)告,它們?cè)?APA 第七版中的共同邏輯都非常清晰:先判斷文獻(xiàn)的“真實(shí)發(fā)布形態(tài)”,再對(duì)照對(duì)應(yīng)示例,而不是強(qiáng)行套用期刊或圖書的格式。

下一期我們將繼續(xù)這個(gè)話題,將根據(jù)APA第七版內(nèi)容詳細(xì)解讀各種文獻(xiàn)形式的引用規(guī)范,感謝關(guān)注。

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